The article Investigating Mathematics with Technology: Lesson Structures That Encourage a Range of Methods and Solutions by Rebecca McGraw and Maureen Grant compares "two kinds of lessons (we call these Type 1 and Type 2) according to the extent to which they engage students in (1) identifying patterns and searching for relationships, (2) making and investigating mathematical conjectures, and (3) developing and evaluating mathematical arguments" (McGraw & Grant, pg. 303). The authors describe Type 1 lessons by how the instructions "are written to focus students' attention on particular mathematical relationships. Technology is used to help make these relationships transparent to students" (McGraw & Grant, pg. 304). McGraw and Grant claim the difference between Type 1 and Type 2 is that the instruction is different and "the roles of the teachers and students during implementation" (McGraw & Grant, pg. 304).
This difference is immediately apparent when reading through dialogue between the teacher and students for each of the lesson types. In Type 1, the instructor Mr. Jeffries appears to be pulling teeth and really stretching the students for answers about the activity, where students examined equations using their graphing calculators. The lesson seemed to be centered around the teacher and as a result only engaged students who understood the material and had a firm grasp on the concepts being examined.
Type 2 is comparable to lessons that remove the scaffolding and encourage students to arrive at their own conjectures through exploration, which is facilitated by the graphing calculator. In this activity, the students were first presented with graphs and are instructed to group the graphs. The lesson then slowly unravels details about the subject matter by providing supplemental materials in a "reverse" order. Students receive a handout with the equations and are asked to match graphs to equations which leads the students to organize their own thoughts through communication of their conjectures.
While it would be fantastic as an instructor to have every lesson and class period follow Type 2, I do not believe it is practical. However, instead of presenting students with the information up front (i.e. terminology) students can investigate concepts on their own and the teacher can utilize recaps and discussions from Type 2 lessons to incorporate terminology that is necessary for mathematics communication.
McGraw, R., & Grant, M. (2005). Investigating mathematics with technology: Lesson structures that encourage a range of methods and solutions. In W. J. Masalski (Ed.), Technology-supported mathematics learning environments (pp. 303-317). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Sunday, November 11, 2012
Response to: Deciding When to Use Calculators
The article Deciding When to use Calculators by Anthony Thompson and Stephen Sproule presents a framework that will help "middle school mathematics teachers..." to "...decide when to use calculators with their students" (Thompson & Sproule, pg. 127). Thompson and Sproule present this framework in what they call a "cartesian representation" which includes two dimensions and four categories. The first dimension is student oriented and is divided into the subcategories essential and nonessential. They define essential as "the activity would be too complex for the students to complete without using a calculator" and nonessential as "the mathematics activity can be completed without using a calculator" (Thompson & Sproule, pg, 127). The second dimension of the framework is the goal oriented dimension, which "focuses on two possible pedagogical goals: (1) for the students to find a computational solution and (2) to engage students in problem-solving processes" and thus the two subcategories of the second dimension are product and process (Thompson & Sproule, pg, 128). The authors describe process oriented as "the goal of the activity is for students to understand the processes associated mathematical exploration and problem solving," similarly product oriented means "the goal of the of the activity is for students to determine a computational solution or end product" (Thompson & Sproule, pg, 128).
The framework presented by Thompson and Sproule appears to be a good tool for a quick decision as to whether calculators should be incorporated in a particular activity. However, I believe the decision requires further consideration then the four categories presented in the framework and that there are variables Thompson and Sproule do not address in this brief article. One of which we have not discussed at great length but certainly is worthy of consideration is whether or not students are allowed to utilize advanced calculators on standardized tests. Although this may seem to be a stretch from an article that addresses whether calculators should be used in a classroom, teachers cannot neglect the direct relationship, mainly from a comfort and confidence aspect, that students develop a dependency as a result of using calculators to perform desired tasks. I would argue that Thompson and Sproule failed to consider the dimension of whether a calculator is allowed on gateway standardized tests (i.e. SAT, ACT, AP examinations) to perform specific functions. If it is not, then in my opinion the students should not be exposed to the calculators ability to perform such function to prevent the above mentioned dependency. To clarify, I understand the framework is for middle school teachers but believe that students who form a dependency early may have difficulty on standardized test, where middle school mathematics serves as a foundation.
I agree with the authors on the concept that calculators should be used when the difficulty of a problem lies in the mathematical manipulation, which would consume time and consequently detract from the overall learning goal of the practice problem. However, I would challenge the intent of incorporating such a difficult problem, as it seems somewhat convoluted that we as teachers create problems which detract from the overall goal/task and simply allow students to utilize a tool to eliminate the barrier we just created. Why not just provide simple questions and eliminate the use of a calculators to ensure the students understand the main objective?
Thompson, A. D., & Sproule, S. L. (2000). Deciding when to use calculators. Mathematics teaching in the middle school, 6(2), 126-129.
The framework presented by Thompson and Sproule appears to be a good tool for a quick decision as to whether calculators should be incorporated in a particular activity. However, I believe the decision requires further consideration then the four categories presented in the framework and that there are variables Thompson and Sproule do not address in this brief article. One of which we have not discussed at great length but certainly is worthy of consideration is whether or not students are allowed to utilize advanced calculators on standardized tests. Although this may seem to be a stretch from an article that addresses whether calculators should be used in a classroom, teachers cannot neglect the direct relationship, mainly from a comfort and confidence aspect, that students develop a dependency as a result of using calculators to perform desired tasks. I would argue that Thompson and Sproule failed to consider the dimension of whether a calculator is allowed on gateway standardized tests (i.e. SAT, ACT, AP examinations) to perform specific functions. If it is not, then in my opinion the students should not be exposed to the calculators ability to perform such function to prevent the above mentioned dependency. To clarify, I understand the framework is for middle school teachers but believe that students who form a dependency early may have difficulty on standardized test, where middle school mathematics serves as a foundation.
I agree with the authors on the concept that calculators should be used when the difficulty of a problem lies in the mathematical manipulation, which would consume time and consequently detract from the overall learning goal of the practice problem. However, I would challenge the intent of incorporating such a difficult problem, as it seems somewhat convoluted that we as teachers create problems which detract from the overall goal/task and simply allow students to utilize a tool to eliminate the barrier we just created. Why not just provide simple questions and eliminate the use of a calculators to ensure the students understand the main objective?
Thompson, A. D., & Sproule, S. L. (2000). Deciding when to use calculators. Mathematics teaching in the middle school, 6(2), 126-129.
Wednesday, October 31, 2012
Response to: Learning Algebra in a Computer Algebra Environment
Do you ever read an article and then wonder what you just read? That's how I felt after reading Learning Algebra in a Computer Algebra Environment, by Paul Drijvers of Utrecht University, which summarizes his doctoral thesis. Often I find that reading articles like the above mentioned are not a good use of my time as the article is written for the purpose of building a resume and publishing for the sake of publishing. Additionally, in my opinion one of the most important considerations of being a preservice teacher is the ability as an educator to explain material at a lower level, a skill that I feel differentiates a satisfactory teacher from an above average educator. With that said, this article is difficult to read and comprehend and to be blunt, is written to sound smart and not actually deliver valuable insight to the average reader. However, if the target audience includes other doctoral candidates and researchers in the field then it may be a very well written article...to that I cannot speak.
As a requirement of this blog post I must find a point the author makes and elaborate and voice my opinion. I was able to decipher a few key take aways from the article that I feel synthesize well with other readings regarding CAS and the umbrella subject of incorporating technology in the classroom.
In the article, Drijvers discusses the instrumental approach to using computer algebra and arrives at the same conclusion presented by Conrad Wolfram in his Ted talk, "By freeing the students from the algebraic calculations, computer algebra would offer opportunities to concentrate on concept development and on problem-solving strategies" (Drijvers, 80). However, Drijvers also discusses the dangers with incorporating technology into the classroom, "Because the CAS already contains all the algebra, the computer algebra tool might somewhat abstract and formal top-down character, and might turn out to be inflexible with respect to informal notation and syntax" and goes on to add "Furthermore, the CAS might be a black box for students, as it carries out complex procedures in a way that is not transparent to them" (Drijvers, 80).
I believe Drijvers hits the nail on the head here. By handing a student a calculator with CAS built in, you risk the possibility of requiring minimal cognitive effort to complete a task. Often this "minimal cognitive effort" comes in the form of using the "Black Box" Drijvers mentions above, where students are only concerned with arriving at the final solution, regardless of the method or procedure used. Further synthesizing, the judicious use of technology in the classroom is required by secondary mathematics teachers to ensure the incorporation of CAS does not lead to the "black box approach" for students.
As a requirement of this blog post I must find a point the author makes and elaborate and voice my opinion. I was able to decipher a few key take aways from the article that I feel synthesize well with other readings regarding CAS and the umbrella subject of incorporating technology in the classroom.
In the article, Drijvers discusses the instrumental approach to using computer algebra and arrives at the same conclusion presented by Conrad Wolfram in his Ted talk, "By freeing the students from the algebraic calculations, computer algebra would offer opportunities to concentrate on concept development and on problem-solving strategies" (Drijvers, 80). However, Drijvers also discusses the dangers with incorporating technology into the classroom, "Because the CAS already contains all the algebra, the computer algebra tool might somewhat abstract and formal top-down character, and might turn out to be inflexible with respect to informal notation and syntax" and goes on to add "Furthermore, the CAS might be a black box for students, as it carries out complex procedures in a way that is not transparent to them" (Drijvers, 80).
I believe Drijvers hits the nail on the head here. By handing a student a calculator with CAS built in, you risk the possibility of requiring minimal cognitive effort to complete a task. Often this "minimal cognitive effort" comes in the form of using the "Black Box" Drijvers mentions above, where students are only concerned with arriving at the final solution, regardless of the method or procedure used. Further synthesizing, the judicious use of technology in the classroom is required by secondary mathematics teachers to ensure the incorporation of CAS does not lead to the "black box approach" for students.
Thursday, October 11, 2012
Response to: Using Technology to Promote Access to Mathematics
The chapter Using Technology to Promote Access to Mathematics from the book Teaching Mathematics Meaningfully by Allsopp, Kyger, and Lovin reiterates the message that technology in mathematics education is only appropriate when it helps "facilitate mathematical understanding" (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 195). The chapter touches briefly on "types of common mathematics-related technology and guidelines for selection" including mathematics software, wireless technology, and on-line resources (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 195).
I found the topic of mathematics software to be particularly interesting, mainly the point the author makes about the equality of software packages:
The authors place a particular emphasis on Core Curriculums' Geometers Sketchpad and the use of the application to further students understanding of geometry through the creation and exploration of geometry related conjectures. Through my own experience with Geometers Sketchpad, I have first hand seen the value of the ease with which one can manipulate geometric figures to develop understanding of a particular subject. However, I have also seen the danger in using such tool as focus can easily shift from the task of the subject matter at hand, to the challenges of using such an unfamiliar program.
Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin also touch on the use of calculators to "facilitate higher order thinking by circumventing basic skill difficulties" (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 209). I believe they make a good argument for the use of calculators in the classroom.
This reiterates the message in Teaching Strategies for Developing Judicious Technology Use by Lynda Ball and Kaye in the 67th NCTM yearbook (2005).
References:
Allsopp, D. H., Kyger, M. M., & Lovin, L. H. (2007).Teaching mathematics meaningfully. (pp. 195-219). Baltimore, MA: Paul H. Brookes.
Ball, L., & Stacey, K. (2005 Teaching strategies for developing judicious technology use. In W. J. Malaski & P. Elliot (Eds.), Technology-Supportoted Mathematics Learning Environments 67th Yearbook.
I found the topic of mathematics software to be particularly interesting, mainly the point the author makes about the equality of software packages:
As a teacher, one must keep in mind that not all software packages are equal in quality. Many software packages at first glance seem to provie students with real-life contexts and are colorful and engaging, but at second glance, there is not much substance behind the glitter and flashing lights (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 196).Synthesizing previous readings, I believe this is particularly applicable when incorporating new technology (i.e. the iPad) into the classroom environment, as their are hundreds of thousands of exciting and flashy applications in the "app-store" but determining which can "enhance my students' understanding of the target mathematical concept?" is the key take away (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 198).
The authors place a particular emphasis on Core Curriculums' Geometers Sketchpad and the use of the application to further students understanding of geometry through the creation and exploration of geometry related conjectures. Through my own experience with Geometers Sketchpad, I have first hand seen the value of the ease with which one can manipulate geometric figures to develop understanding of a particular subject. However, I have also seen the danger in using such tool as focus can easily shift from the task of the subject matter at hand, to the challenges of using such an unfamiliar program.
Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin also touch on the use of calculators to "facilitate higher order thinking by circumventing basic skill difficulties" (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 209). I believe they make a good argument for the use of calculators in the classroom.
Some educators might believe that students should never be allowed to use calculators until they have mastered their basic facts and computational algorithms. One perspective is to evaluate the purpose of the activity. If the purpose is to develop computational proficiency, then calculators may not be suitable. However, the purpose is to engage students in using basic facts to learn about and do higher order mathematics, then the use of calculators is suitable (Allsopp, Kyger & Lovin, 2007, p. 209).
This reiterates the message in Teaching Strategies for Developing Judicious Technology Use by Lynda Ball and Kaye in the 67th NCTM yearbook (2005).
References:
Allsopp, D. H., Kyger, M. M., & Lovin, L. H. (2007).Teaching mathematics meaningfully. (pp. 195-219). Baltimore, MA: Paul H. Brookes.
Ball, L., & Stacey, K. (2005 Teaching strategies for developing judicious technology use. In W. J. Malaski & P. Elliot (Eds.), Technology-Supportoted Mathematics Learning Environments 67th Yearbook.
Tuesday, October 9, 2012
Response to: Using Data-Collection Devices to Enhance Students' Understanding
The article Using Data-Collection Devices to Enhance Students' Understanding by Douglas Lapp and Vivian Cyrus examines the use of data collection to reduce graph-shape-and-path-of-motion confusion. Microcomputer-Based Laboratory (MBL), Calculator-Based Laboratory (CBL), and Calculator-Based Ranger are all data-collection devices which can be used with a calculator or computer to analyze motion.
Graph-shape-and-path-of-motion confusion is a common misconception that students often have about the relationship between the path of motion of an object and a graphical representation of its characteristics (i.e. position, velocity, and acceleration). The article discusses one major advantage of an MBL is the ability to create live graphs, or plot data in real time. A reference in the paper, Braswell, believed that "the immediacy of graph production is probably the most important feature of MBL activities" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000). As an undergraduate in engineering where a large portion of the curriculum is focused on motion of objects, labs where data collection systems were used to create real time plots we're very beneficial as it allowed the user (me) to formulate their own conclusions and immediately investigate these theories.
Two interesting examples are presented in the article where students often encounter graph-shape-and-path-of-motion confusion. The first, includes a ball on a frictionless flat table where "the student expects the graph of position versus time to also be horizontal rather than a straight line with nonzero slope" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000). The importance of this example is as an educator, teachers need to use discretion when choosing examples to present material and ensure the examples presented do not support or reinforce these common misconceptions. The second example of "a graph showing the speed of a bicycle when the bicycle ascended a hill and then descended the hill. Prior to instruction, many students assumed that when the graph increased, the bicyclist was going up the hill" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000). As a cyclist, it is very intuitive that your velocity decreases as you climb a hill, and increases as you descend. However, as a student it is difficult to translate these characteristics to a graphical representation. A fantastic way to present this information would be to use a clip of the Tour de France, as climb information (i.e. grade, elevation gain, peak elevation) are usually presented as the peloton approaches the base and students would be able to see the cyclists struggle on the climb as the reach the peak, and then the death-defying-descent that proceeds with speeds of 100kmh. This example would help connect the position-velocity-acceleration of a cyclist to a graphical representation.
I believe the point the author makes about creating hypothesis prior to conducting the experiment to promote "connecting graphs with physical events" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000) is essential to developing an understanding between position/velocity/acceleration of an object.
Access to a resources including MBL, CBL, and CBR is invaluable to educators, but like all technology an instructor must carefully, or shall I say judiciously, decide whether technology is appropriate.
References:
Lapp, D. A., & Cyrus, V. F. (2000). Using data-collection devices to enhance students' understanding.Mathematics Teacher, 93(6),
Graph-shape-and-path-of-motion confusion is a common misconception that students often have about the relationship between the path of motion of an object and a graphical representation of its characteristics (i.e. position, velocity, and acceleration). The article discusses one major advantage of an MBL is the ability to create live graphs, or plot data in real time. A reference in the paper, Braswell, believed that "the immediacy of graph production is probably the most important feature of MBL activities" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000). As an undergraduate in engineering where a large portion of the curriculum is focused on motion of objects, labs where data collection systems were used to create real time plots we're very beneficial as it allowed the user (me) to formulate their own conclusions and immediately investigate these theories.
Two interesting examples are presented in the article where students often encounter graph-shape-and-path-of-motion confusion. The first, includes a ball on a frictionless flat table where "the student expects the graph of position versus time to also be horizontal rather than a straight line with nonzero slope" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000). The importance of this example is as an educator, teachers need to use discretion when choosing examples to present material and ensure the examples presented do not support or reinforce these common misconceptions. The second example of "a graph showing the speed of a bicycle when the bicycle ascended a hill and then descended the hill. Prior to instruction, many students assumed that when the graph increased, the bicyclist was going up the hill" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000). As a cyclist, it is very intuitive that your velocity decreases as you climb a hill, and increases as you descend. However, as a student it is difficult to translate these characteristics to a graphical representation. A fantastic way to present this information would be to use a clip of the Tour de France, as climb information (i.e. grade, elevation gain, peak elevation) are usually presented as the peloton approaches the base and students would be able to see the cyclists struggle on the climb as the reach the peak, and then the death-defying-descent that proceeds with speeds of 100kmh. This example would help connect the position-velocity-acceleration of a cyclist to a graphical representation.
I believe the point the author makes about creating hypothesis prior to conducting the experiment to promote "connecting graphs with physical events" (Lapp & Cyrus, 2000) is essential to developing an understanding between position/velocity/acceleration of an object.
Access to a resources including MBL, CBL, and CBR is invaluable to educators, but like all technology an instructor must carefully, or shall I say judiciously, decide whether technology is appropriate.
References:
Lapp, D. A., & Cyrus, V. F. (2000). Using data-collection devices to enhance students' understanding.Mathematics Teacher, 93(6),
Sunday, October 7, 2012
Response to: NCTM Position Paper on Technology
The article Teaching Strategies for Developing Judicious Technology Use by Lynda Ball and Kaye in the 67th NCTM yearbook (2005) discusses the judicious use of CAS and technology in the classroom. The article begins by taking the position that technology, when used effectively, can "extend the mathematics that can be taught and enhances students' learning" (Ball & Stacey, 2005, p. 1) The article further states that "banning technology is not necessary" (Ball & Stacey, 2005, p. 3) and is in response to the "frequent calls to ban the use of calculators and computer software that "do mathematics (especially arithmetic or algebra) in schools or a particular grade levels."
One particular point that I found interesting in the article was the brief summary of a recent work by Heid - 2002, who is an "opponent of the use of CAS in American schools. There are practical arguments about cost, ease of use, and inadequate preparation for unchanged college courses and tests." which I touched on during my last response to CAS in the classroom. I stated this exact point, that although the adaptation in secondary school is beneficial, and may allow more time for examining underlying concepts rather than methodical manipulation, that we are in fact doing a disservice by delivering students to a VERY teacher centered university environment.
Continuing on with the current article of discussion, a teacher "Lucy" of "fourth-year high school students who were taking a college preparatory"in Australia was surveyed about her judicious use of technology in the classroom. The classroom had access to CAS calculators full-time during their final two years including assessments. Lucy's view on technology for the classroom is summarized well by the following, "she often stated that her main goal for the use of technology was improving the mathematical understanding of students, not the learning of technology."
Lucy employed a "white box-black box" approach which involves presenting material by pencil and paper and then later incorporating technology for more difficult problems. The CAS allows the students to focus on the topic of concern and not difficult mathematical manipulation. I find that this approach closely aligns with my current teaching philosophy, where students will learn underlying concepts before they are permitted to utilize technology to perform more difficult operations. Lucy reflected on her own changes in teaching style as a result of using CAS in the classroom:
The main take away for me of the article is that as educators we have the ability to "confidently deliver programs that result in students using technology to increase their mathematical understanding instead of randomly pressing buttons in the hope that an answer may appear by magic" (Ball & Stacey, 2005, p. 14).
References:
Ball, L., & Stacey, K. (2005 Teaching strategies for developing judicious technology use. In W. J. Malaski & P. Elliot (Eds.), Technology-Supportoted Mathematics Learning Environments 67th Yearbook.
One particular point that I found interesting in the article was the brief summary of a recent work by Heid - 2002, who is an "opponent of the use of CAS in American schools. There are practical arguments about cost, ease of use, and inadequate preparation for unchanged college courses and tests." which I touched on during my last response to CAS in the classroom. I stated this exact point, that although the adaptation in secondary school is beneficial, and may allow more time for examining underlying concepts rather than methodical manipulation, that we are in fact doing a disservice by delivering students to a VERY teacher centered university environment.
Continuing on with the current article of discussion, a teacher "Lucy" of "fourth-year high school students who were taking a college preparatory"in Australia was surveyed about her judicious use of technology in the classroom. The classroom had access to CAS calculators full-time during their final two years including assessments. Lucy's view on technology for the classroom is summarized well by the following, "she often stated that her main goal for the use of technology was improving the mathematical understanding of students, not the learning of technology."
Lucy employed a "white box-black box" approach which involves presenting material by pencil and paper and then later incorporating technology for more difficult problems. The CAS allows the students to focus on the topic of concern and not difficult mathematical manipulation. I find that this approach closely aligns with my current teaching philosophy, where students will learn underlying concepts before they are permitted to utilize technology to perform more difficult operations. Lucy reflected on her own changes in teaching style as a result of using CAS in the classroom:
Lucy emphasized when technology use is an efficient and effective method for solving problems and when it is unnecessary. In fact, Lucy commented for solving problems that this emphasis was perhaps the greatest change in her teaching that had resulted from having constant access to CAS technology over two years (Ball & Stacey, 2005, p. 7).I can however, see particular exercises where students may utilize technology to discover and form their own conjectures about new concepts and material, then through reinforced lecture and formal presentation of material students will begin making connections about their recent discoveries. The article further examines how teachers can produce judicious user of technology by creating "An environment where students are usually given the responsibility to make their own selections of mental, pencil and paper, and technology approaches" (Ball & Stacey, 2005, p. 12).
The main take away for me of the article is that as educators we have the ability to "confidently deliver programs that result in students using technology to increase their mathematical understanding instead of randomly pressing buttons in the hope that an answer may appear by magic" (Ball & Stacey, 2005, p. 14).
References:
Ball, L., & Stacey, K. (2005 Teaching strategies for developing judicious technology use. In W. J. Malaski & P. Elliot (Eds.), Technology-Supportoted Mathematics Learning Environments 67th Yearbook.
Wednesday, October 3, 2012
Response to: Computer Algebra System (CAS)
The introduction of CAS handhelds into a classroom environment necessitates caution, for a computer is only as intelligent as its user. The article Exam questions when using CAS for school mathematics teaching by Vlasta Kokol-Voljc summarizes the appropriate application of CAS on exams. For me, the main take away form the article is the shift away from algorithmically centered education.
Kokol-Voljc identifies three-steps that are required for the successful adaptation of CAS into the classroom, foremost a change of teaching styles is required. This is further broken down by Kokol-Voljc as "from teacher centered to student centered group work and from deductive to inductive learning." The second step is identified as "refocusing on the teaching goals" and finally the third step is to "change the mathematical problems" including in-class activities, homework, and exam questions.
The article then goes on to identify the two types of exam questions: "theory oriented and application oriented questions." These two exam question types can be further reduced into "CAS insensitive questions and questions changing with technology" or in other words questions where "CAS - or any other calculation tool is of very limited help" and questions where the focus will change drastically due to the use of CAS respectively.
I believe the Kokol-Voljc really hits home the point here:
I wonder however, as educators embracing new technology and changing the way mathematics is taught at a secondary level, if we are doing a disservice to the next generation? We are delivering them to a university environment where, speaking in generalizations, technology is not openly embraced and the teaching environment is still VERY teacher centered. Are we setting up our students to fail by allowing them to rely on a device, foregoing these strenuous and time consuming "mechanical calculations" which have governed mathematics educations for years? In some ways, yes.
Great, so we've created a new generation of critical thinkers! The problem is students are inclined to use the minimal brain activity required to achieve the desired result. As educators, WE are responsible for creating activities which challenge students to learn and develop a better understanding of the underlying mathematical concepts while....emphasis on WHILE, ensuring out students are intelligently utilizing technological aids. So, am I sold on the CAS for the classroom environment? No. Do I believe there is potential for something great? Yes. But we have to remember, a computer is only as intelligent as its user - Garbage in, garbage out.
References:
Kokol-Voljc, V. Exam questions when using CAS for school mathematics teaching.
Kokol-Voljc identifies three-steps that are required for the successful adaptation of CAS into the classroom, foremost a change of teaching styles is required. This is further broken down by Kokol-Voljc as "from teacher centered to student centered group work and from deductive to inductive learning." The second step is identified as "refocusing on the teaching goals" and finally the third step is to "change the mathematical problems" including in-class activities, homework, and exam questions.
The article then goes on to identify the two types of exam questions: "theory oriented and application oriented questions." These two exam question types can be further reduced into "CAS insensitive questions and questions changing with technology" or in other words questions where "CAS - or any other calculation tool is of very limited help" and questions where the focus will change drastically due to the use of CAS respectively.
I believe the Kokol-Voljc really hits home the point here:
Without CAS, the solving of such problems was (is) strenuous because they involve a lot of mechanical calculations, or because they require “complicated” multi-step solving strategies. For many students, such craftsmanship activities outshine the actual point (goal) of the problem, hence they often forget to answer the original question after successfully completing the necessary calculations.
In a traditional paper and pencil environment tasks such as solving equations, finding derivatives, and computing integrals require most of the time used for answering these questions. Therefore for both teachers and students the feedback centers on testing the performing of operations. When using CAS, the time needed for such questions is reduced drastically, hence the significance of these questions for providing feedback for teachers and students changes as well.
I wonder however, as educators embracing new technology and changing the way mathematics is taught at a secondary level, if we are doing a disservice to the next generation? We are delivering them to a university environment where, speaking in generalizations, technology is not openly embraced and the teaching environment is still VERY teacher centered. Are we setting up our students to fail by allowing them to rely on a device, foregoing these strenuous and time consuming "mechanical calculations" which have governed mathematics educations for years? In some ways, yes.
Great, so we've created a new generation of critical thinkers! The problem is students are inclined to use the minimal brain activity required to achieve the desired result. As educators, WE are responsible for creating activities which challenge students to learn and develop a better understanding of the underlying mathematical concepts while....emphasis on WHILE, ensuring out students are intelligently utilizing technological aids. So, am I sold on the CAS for the classroom environment? No. Do I believe there is potential for something great? Yes. But we have to remember, a computer is only as intelligent as its user - Garbage in, garbage out.
References:
Kokol-Voljc, V. Exam questions when using CAS for school mathematics teaching.
Wednesday, September 26, 2012
Response to: Educators Evaluate Learning Benefits of iPad & The Algebra Project: Robert Moses
The article - Educators Evaluate Learning Benefits of iPad discusses the adoption of iPads and iOS devices into school systems in Texas, Chicago, and Virginia. In Virginia, the iPads are being used in 4th, 7th, and 9th grade classrooms as a 1-to-1 computing tool. The article mentions that the verdict is still out but that teachers and students are both supportive of continuing use of the new devices. It then goes on to discuss overcoming challenges with iOS and the lack of a file structure on an iPad. Finally, the article discusses the use of the iPad when evaluating teachers in the classroom and utilizing an electronic rubric. I think utilizing the iPad as method for evaluation is an excellent use of the iPad, but the current software seems to need further development as it requires internet access and still requires a desktop or laptop computer for some of the evaluation. This process should be completely independent of an additional device and using a desktop or laptop almost negates the benefit using the iPad at all.
The PBS NOW video gives a look into Robert Moses' The Algebra Project which applies a civil rights view to education. Moses uses The Algebra Project to empower students both in and outsides of the classroom. In the classroom, students learn through engaging activities which relate real world problems to course material. Students further their understanding of material by teaching others while simultaneously providing an opportunity for leadership in the classroom. Outside of the classroom students have been encouraged to take ownership of their school and education; leaving no rule or policy unchallenged. The students have taken their issues to court, fighting for funds the school district did not receive. Although unsuccessful, the students have learned that while policies are important, they are not set in stone.
References:
Quillen, I. (2011). Educators evaluate learning benefits of ipad. 4(3), 38,40-41. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2011/06/15/03mobile.h04.html
Pbs now [Web]. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/328/video.html
The PBS NOW video gives a look into Robert Moses' The Algebra Project which applies a civil rights view to education. Moses uses The Algebra Project to empower students both in and outsides of the classroom. In the classroom, students learn through engaging activities which relate real world problems to course material. Students further their understanding of material by teaching others while simultaneously providing an opportunity for leadership in the classroom. Outside of the classroom students have been encouraged to take ownership of their school and education; leaving no rule or policy unchallenged. The students have taken their issues to court, fighting for funds the school district did not receive. Although unsuccessful, the students have learned that while policies are important, they are not set in stone.
References:
Quillen, I. (2011). Educators evaluate learning benefits of ipad. 4(3), 38,40-41. Retrieved from http://www.edweek.org/dd/articles/2011/06/15/03mobile.h04.html
Pbs now [Web]. (2007). Retrieved from http://www.pbs.org/now/shows/328/video.html
Sunday, September 16, 2012
The Internet
In some ways, actually in almost every way, writing about this article is laughable. The reality is that when I begin teaching as a secondary educator the era of pre-internet children will have graduated some six or seven years earlier? This however is the nature of published work about technology which in this case, became quickly dated. The author, Enrique Galindo, of Mathematics Teaching and Learning Supported by the Internet identifies five categories for incorporating technology in the classroom - resources, access to data, collaborative projects, video, and authoring.
The first and most relevant category Galindo identifies is resources. This category is particularly useful to secondary teachers entering the classroom for the first time as well as current teachers looking to improve their classroom experience. He highlights three subcategories including professional information, interactive resources, and curriculum materials which he provides specific examples of. For me the take-away was that the internet provides easy access to information which was previously not readily available to the general public. Everything else is simply a result of the availability of this information. One interesting note are the applets mentioned under interactive resources. The advantage of these web-based interactive applets is free access and lack of need for locally installed software. These applets which seem dated now, I would guess have served as the predecessors for many iOS apps which are changing learning in the classroom today.
The next three categories - access to data, collaborative projects, and video all fall under newly available resources in my opinion. The internet has allowed the general public access to these tools which are really resources. Access to data seems simple and obvious in my opinion. The ease of communicating and reaching a larger and broader audience is as simple as creating a survey on free site and sending it to multiple list-serves. This task previously would have required polling or mailing hundreds/thousands of letters can now be performed by someone with very minimal computer/programming knowledge. Collaborative projects can now utilize video chat, email, and various forms of multimedia communication only available as a result of the internet. Currently I'm participating in a letter writing project (LWP) with high school student in Ohio, providing tasks and eliciting feedback on task generation without ever having met the students or spoken with them outside of electronic communication. This is the electronic age we live in. Video in my opinion falls to the common knowledge, although in 2005 at the time this was published may have been cutting edge, wonder what he would have said if I told him in seven years we'd be watching the Olympics in London live on our cell phones?
Originally I had grouped authoring into the resources category above, but then decided to take it a step further and fill in the blanks since the article was published. Galindo touches on the ability to publish ones work and elicit criticism and feedback, as well as provide examples of lesson plans for specific topics which was great at the time. One thing Galindo was not able to discuss, because it wasn't possible at the time of publication, is the authoring, creation, and widespread distribution of applications for mobile devices including the iPad. The internet has completely changed since Galindo wrote this article seven years ago, there's no way he could have imagined the possibilities of iOS and applications like Educreations and The Khan Academy. The internet is in transition from being THE resource to simple being the parent of the new "internet" - applications and mobile content.
Finally, he identifies six principles to determine if technology is appropriate for a mathematics exercise. I believe these six principles are still relevant, possibly the only part of this publication that doesn't seem so in the face obvious.
References:
Galindo, E. (2005). Mathematics teaching and learning supported by the internet. In W. J. Masalski (Ed.), Technology supported mathematics learning environments (67th ed., pp. 241-261). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
The first and most relevant category Galindo identifies is resources. This category is particularly useful to secondary teachers entering the classroom for the first time as well as current teachers looking to improve their classroom experience. He highlights three subcategories including professional information, interactive resources, and curriculum materials which he provides specific examples of. For me the take-away was that the internet provides easy access to information which was previously not readily available to the general public. Everything else is simply a result of the availability of this information. One interesting note are the applets mentioned under interactive resources. The advantage of these web-based interactive applets is free access and lack of need for locally installed software. These applets which seem dated now, I would guess have served as the predecessors for many iOS apps which are changing learning in the classroom today.
The next three categories - access to data, collaborative projects, and video all fall under newly available resources in my opinion. The internet has allowed the general public access to these tools which are really resources. Access to data seems simple and obvious in my opinion. The ease of communicating and reaching a larger and broader audience is as simple as creating a survey on free site and sending it to multiple list-serves. This task previously would have required polling or mailing hundreds/thousands of letters can now be performed by someone with very minimal computer/programming knowledge. Collaborative projects can now utilize video chat, email, and various forms of multimedia communication only available as a result of the internet. Currently I'm participating in a letter writing project (LWP) with high school student in Ohio, providing tasks and eliciting feedback on task generation without ever having met the students or spoken with them outside of electronic communication. This is the electronic age we live in. Video in my opinion falls to the common knowledge, although in 2005 at the time this was published may have been cutting edge, wonder what he would have said if I told him in seven years we'd be watching the Olympics in London live on our cell phones?
Originally I had grouped authoring into the resources category above, but then decided to take it a step further and fill in the blanks since the article was published. Galindo touches on the ability to publish ones work and elicit criticism and feedback, as well as provide examples of lesson plans for specific topics which was great at the time. One thing Galindo was not able to discuss, because it wasn't possible at the time of publication, is the authoring, creation, and widespread distribution of applications for mobile devices including the iPad. The internet has completely changed since Galindo wrote this article seven years ago, there's no way he could have imagined the possibilities of iOS and applications like Educreations and The Khan Academy. The internet is in transition from being THE resource to simple being the parent of the new "internet" - applications and mobile content.
Finally, he identifies six principles to determine if technology is appropriate for a mathematics exercise. I believe these six principles are still relevant, possibly the only part of this publication that doesn't seem so in the face obvious.
References:
Galindo, E. (2005). Mathematics teaching and learning supported by the internet. In W. J. Masalski (Ed.), Technology supported mathematics learning environments (67th ed., pp. 241-261). Reston, VA: National Council of Teachers of Mathematics.
Wednesday, September 12, 2012
iPads in the Classroom (Ode to Apple)
It seems appropriate I have the opportunity to blog on the impact of iPads in the classroom the day of the iPhone 5 launch, or most likely "The New iPhone". The iPhone served as the platform the iPad was built from and aside from size the iPad is really just a big iPhone. I guess an alternate, and probably more appropriate, title for this blog post is: Super-sized iPhones in the Classroom.
The impact of Apple in the classroom and on the entire technology industry has been one of dominance and superiority; forcing many previously impressive companies to close their doors (i.e. Kodak). Apple has not only set the standard for tablet and touch devices, but also completely changed the way we view and access content; content that was only available in now dust covered library encyclopedias, is available anywhere on any device at the touch of a finger (previously click of a button).
Even more impressive is how the digital age has changed the way students learn. I would argue that this change is in response to the accessibility of these devices to students at a young age; the number of whom have known a time "pre-internet" is decreasing rapidly. The number of rich and engaging apps that have been developed to address this change in learning style is a testament to the influence of these devices both in the classroom and out. I will go as far as to say: The reason for the shift in learning style, that is from pen and paper to multimedia experiences, is a direct result of Apple products providing universal access to existing and new content (i.e. print, video, photographs, news, etc.).
The success of these devices can be attributed to one characteristic: Intuitiveness. No other company or manufacturer has been able to create an environment where a user can simply pick up a device and begin using it. There is no need for a user manual or tutorial, the touch interface and iOS have replaced and far surpassed these antiquated information exchange mediums.
Apples stronghold in technology market will continue to drive and shape the 21st century classroom.
The impact of Apple in the classroom and on the entire technology industry has been one of dominance and superiority; forcing many previously impressive companies to close their doors (i.e. Kodak). Apple has not only set the standard for tablet and touch devices, but also completely changed the way we view and access content; content that was only available in now dust covered library encyclopedias, is available anywhere on any device at the touch of a finger (previously click of a button).
Even more impressive is how the digital age has changed the way students learn. I would argue that this change is in response to the accessibility of these devices to students at a young age; the number of whom have known a time "pre-internet" is decreasing rapidly. The number of rich and engaging apps that have been developed to address this change in learning style is a testament to the influence of these devices both in the classroom and out. I will go as far as to say: The reason for the shift in learning style, that is from pen and paper to multimedia experiences, is a direct result of Apple products providing universal access to existing and new content (i.e. print, video, photographs, news, etc.).
The success of these devices can be attributed to one characteristic: Intuitiveness. No other company or manufacturer has been able to create an environment where a user can simply pick up a device and begin using it. There is no need for a user manual or tutorial, the touch interface and iOS have replaced and far surpassed these antiquated information exchange mediums.
Apples stronghold in technology market will continue to drive and shape the 21st century classroom.
Sunday, September 9, 2012
Technology, an aid...not a distraction
These days, it seems like when you walk into a store to buy a new computer (does anyone still do this?), by the time the sales associate is finished talking to you and has rung up your "new" computer, it's out of date. How often do you purchase a new piece of technology, receive it, and automatically have to update the software for the device because a new version was released between assembly and the time it arrived at your front door? As a society, we are currently experiencing a time where technology is changing faster than standard shipping; if you as an educator are not on the cutting edge you're already behind.
As an educator the challenge arises choosing which technology has the greatest potential to improve the classroom experience for students while minimizing the risk of a technology distraction. The challenge of incorporating technology with learning, and not learning about technology is summarized in the article Research on Technology Tools and Application in Mathematics Learning and Teaching (Olive, 2010). A topic highlighted in the article is the current generation of students learning through new media. Examples of these new media include web-based gaming environments and face-to-face learning. No longer is the teacher centered classroom structure appropriate, nor the antiquated technology that once defined these classrooms (i.e. overheads and chalkboards). A staggering statistic is presented:
An excellent example of integrating technology into the classroom is the utilization of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP 5) in the Dynamic Number Project, which allowed a Georgia teacher to work with her fourth grade students to explore equivalent fractions. The teacher was able to divide a number line so that her students could struggle through the example together, creating a connection between how the number line was divided and the equivalent fraction they were trying to match. The technology seamlessly integrated into the lesson without hindering the activity or flow of the class.
It is evident that technology will be the most influential resource a mathematics teacher has in their toolbox, however a teacher has to determine when to utilize available technology and when to simply put it away.
References:
As an educator the challenge arises choosing which technology has the greatest potential to improve the classroom experience for students while minimizing the risk of a technology distraction. The challenge of incorporating technology with learning, and not learning about technology is summarized in the article Research on Technology Tools and Application in Mathematics Learning and Teaching (Olive, 2010). A topic highlighted in the article is the current generation of students learning through new media. Examples of these new media include web-based gaming environments and face-to-face learning. No longer is the teacher centered classroom structure appropriate, nor the antiquated technology that once defined these classrooms (i.e. overheads and chalkboards). A staggering statistic is presented:
Perhaps one powerful reason for why almost a third of the students entering the high schools in this country "drop out" before completing their high school diploma (Gonzalez, 2010) is that education in many schools is presented in the same way it was in the 19th and 20th centuries. The educational process in school bares little resemblance to how people learn outside of school. (Olive, 2010, p. 3)Conrad Wolfram spoke to this issue in his TED presentation, noting that before computers students were required to learn the processes computers now perform for them. This change in class structure is driven by new technology that can aid students to learn mathematics, by allowing them to focus on the what, where, and why's rather than mindless process/procedure calculations.
An excellent example of integrating technology into the classroom is the utilization of The Geometer's Sketchpad (GSP 5) in the Dynamic Number Project, which allowed a Georgia teacher to work with her fourth grade students to explore equivalent fractions. The teacher was able to divide a number line so that her students could struggle through the example together, creating a connection between how the number line was divided and the equivalent fraction they were trying to match. The technology seamlessly integrated into the lesson without hindering the activity or flow of the class.
It is evident that technology will be the most influential resource a mathematics teacher has in their toolbox, however a teacher has to determine when to utilize available technology and when to simply put it away.
References:
Gonzalez, J. (2010). High-school dropout rate is cited as a key barrier to Obama's college-
completion goal. The Chronicle, May 25, 2010. Retrieved from
http://chronicle.com/article/High-School-Dropout-Rate-Is/65669/ August 26, 2010.
Olive, J. (2010, September) Research on technology tools and applications in mathematics learning and teaching. WISDOM planning conference, Laramie, Wyoming. Retrieved from https://scholar.vt.edu/portal/site/6a5f90e1-3890-433f-96d3-a328653961a6/page/7417837e-a31d-4862-8538-dd66223dcd79
Wolfram, C. (Performer) (2010). Conrad wolfram: Teaching kids real math with computers [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/conrad_wolfram_teaching_kids_real_math_with_computers.html
Olive, J. (2010, September) Research on technology tools and applications in mathematics learning and teaching. WISDOM planning conference, Laramie, Wyoming. Retrieved from https://scholar.vt.edu/portal/site/6a5f90e1-3890-433f-96d3-a328653961a6/page/7417837e-a31d-4862-8538-dd66223dcd79
Wolfram, C. (Performer) (2010). Conrad wolfram: Teaching kids real math with computers [Web]. Retrieved from http://www.ted.com/talks/lang/en/conrad_wolfram_teaching_kids_real_math_with_computers.html
Sunday, September 2, 2012
Response to: Learning and Knowledge in the 21st Century
As a student and soon to be educator of the twenty-first century it's difficult for me to comprehend learning, or teaching for that matter, in a non-Constructivism and Contemporary learning atmosphere. There are very few instances I can recall where "learning" was the result of repetition and memorization. In fact, only three: memorization of state capitals, multiplication tables, and foreign language in high school.
References:
Niess, M., Lee, J., & Kajder, S. (2008). Guiding learning with technology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Woolfolk-Hoy, A. (2004). Educational psychology. (9th ed., p. 323). Allyn & Bacon.
The article touches on society driving curriculum in school, or in other words as the nation developed from agricultural to industrial to information societies so too did the curriculum needed to support such societies. A result of an evolving curriculum is the way students learn new material.
No longer are students learning in single flow lecture style classroom, in it's place is a rich and vibrant dialogue provoking students to arrive at their own conclusions about new material. Teachers now guide students through questioning and engaging activities or the shift from "teacher-centered to student-centered"classrooms (Niess, Lee & Kadjer, 2008, p. 35). I can attest, see the examples listed above, that the memorization and regurgitation were not effective at creating retained knowledge. One interesting note is that although many secondary classrooms have adapted to become student-centered, many universities still embrace a teacher-centered classroom. My experience as an undergraduate in mechanical engineering at Virginia Tech supports this statement as many professors employed the velcro approach. The velcro approach is simply lecturing and throwing out information and seeing what "sticks" instead of engaging students in a dialogue.
Additionally, the article discusses different educational psychologists theories on learning including Behaviorists, Cognitive Psychologists, and Constructivism and Contemporary views on learning. Personally I found the behaviorist view to be dated and difficult to believe (i.e. that response is simply the result of stimulus), this aligns with my statement above about memorization and regurgitation as "behaviorists assert that behavior is shaped and strengthened through reinforcement, or practice promoting the desired behavior"(Niess, Lee, & Kajder, 2008, p. 41). The view of learning described as Constructivism and Contemporary "emphasizes an active role of the learner in building understanding and making sense of information" (Woolfolk-Hoy, 2004, p. 323). I agree with this view on learning and believe it is necessary to create an engaging and creative classroom environment.
Niess, M., Lee, J., & Kajder, S. (2008). Guiding learning with technology. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Woolfolk-Hoy, A. (2004). Educational psychology. (9th ed., p. 323). Allyn & Bacon.
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